This book describes the earliest reconstructable stages of the prehistory of english. It outlines the grammar of protoindoeuropean, considers the changes by which one dialect of that prehistoric language developed into protogermanic, and provides a detailed account of the grammar of protogermanic. It acquired a number of new vowels, both short and long, and the stress was retracted to the vowel of the first root syllable of a word. It seems that its final development was in the compact region of the jastorf culture. Proto germanic then evolved from the indoeuropean spoken in the urheimat region.
Verb conjugations were complicated, with indicative and subjunctive moods fully elaborated. Proto norse also called proto scandinavian, primitive norse, proto nordic, ancient nordic, ancient scandinavian, old nordic, old scandinavian, proto north germanic, north proto germanic or common scandinavian was an indoeuropean language spoken in scandinavia that is thought to have evolved as a northern dialect of proto germanic in the first centuries ce. It is often asserted that the germanic languages have a highly reduced. The history of the diffusion of the germanic languages is the history of barbarian migrations at the end of the western roman empire see maps. From protoindoeuropean to protogermanic department of. Protogermanic phonology differs significantly from protoindaeuropean. You can download all the information in one excel or pdf file, to browse all the information offline.
The old version of the xml file is still the one indexed for the search system, because sean hasnt had a chance to fix the programs for the new version. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Jan 20, 2020 hypothetical prehistoric ancestor language of all germanic languages, including english. It is unique in combining recent insights from the field of comparative indoeuropean linguistics with modern baltoslavic accentology. Proto germanic definition, the unattested prehistoric parent language of the germanic languages. This book describes the earliest reconstructable stages of the prehistory of english, focusing specifically on linguistic structure. The germanic roots of wine, street, cheese, and many other words were loaned into protogermanic from latin during the zero period. Protogermanic definition is the assumed ancestral language of the germanic languages. This proto germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots.
Due to a shift of the indaeuropean stops, protogermanic also acquired a large amount of new fricatives, both voiced and voiceless. In english there is fairly rigid word order due to its lack of inflexions. Dictionaries can be crosssearched, with an advance search for each individual dictionary enabling the user to perform more complex. The indoeuropean etymological dictionaries online iedo reconstructs the lexicon for the most important languages and language branches of indoeuropean. Etymological dictionary of the slavic inherited lexicon. It outlines the grammar of proto indoeuropean, considers the changes by which one dialect of that prehistoric language developed into proto germanic, and provides a detailed account of the grammar of proto germanic. In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content preparing an etymological dictionary of proto germanic edgar c.
Newest protogermanic questions linguistics stack exchange. Proto germanic language synonyms, proto germanic language pronunciation, proto germanic language translation, english dictionary definition of proto germanic language. Several contributors have sent useful data, but there hasnt been time yet to properly integrate the data into the site. Etymological dictionary of proto germanic kratylos 61. The 11th volume of the admirable leiden indoeuropean etymological dictionary series represents an important contribution to germanic etymology and protogermanic reconstructions, and offers a valuable reference work not only for indoeuropeanists of all specializations, but also for specialists in the field of baltofinnic and saamic languages. Population genetic studies have provided incontrovertible evidence that ancient germanic culture and ethnicity arose from the fusion of the mesolithic inhabitants of scandinavia linked to ydna haplogroup i1 and indoeuropean people associated with haplogroups r1a and r1b. For other reflexes see this list at the university of texas. Protogermanic had only six cases, the functions of ablative place from which and locative place in which being taken over by constructions of preposition plus the dative case.
Once used alongside gumo in the sense of man, husband, today it has been replaced by mann and its descendants in all surviving germanic languages. Other articles where protogermanic language is discussed. Proto germanic is listed in the worlds largest and most authoritative dictionary database of abbreviations and acronyms. The pragmatic component is dealt with in the introduction, and to some extent in chapter six on semantics and culture, in. This protogermanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. This grammar of proto germanic is designed to provide a comprehensive but concise treatment of the language from approximately 2500 b. Protogermanic is the reconstructed protolanguage of the germanic branch of the. The germanic languages, which include english, german, dutch and scandinavian, belong to the beststudied languages in the world, but the picture of their parent language, protogermanic, continues to evolve. The word order in proto germanic is more dependent on which words are being stressed, with the most important parts moved to the front and rear of a sentence, less important aspects being left for the rest of the sentence. This project reached a major milestone in april 2003 with completion of hand corrections of the. Saga of isarnwulfaz, the king of gains protogermanic.
Resources on non germanic languages are on their own page. Protogermanic definition and meaning collins online dictionary. For descriptions of the sounds and definitions of the terms, follow the links on the. The irruption of germanic peoples in central, east, and west europe including the roman empire the barbarian invasions from classical sources, renamed the migration period since the romantic era suggests a r1b1a1a2a1a1u106dominated west germanic area, and viking migrations point to different clans belonging to r1b1a1a2a1a1u106, i1. Protogermanic synonyms, protogermanic pronunciation, protogermanic translation, english dictionary definition of protogermanic. The reconstructed prehistoric ancestor of the germanic languages. Similarly, the same subject may be broached in more than part of a chapter e.
First one in protogermanic, will probably be more down the road. Project muse preparing an etymological dictionary of. Dictionary of protogermanic leiden indoeuropean etymological dictionary series. Unlike protogermanic, which typically had the stress on the first root syllable of the word, protoindoeuropean had a free tonal accent. Project muse preparing an etymological dictionary of proto. The germanic languages are a branch of the indoeuropean language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in europe, north america, oceania and southern africa. The germanic languages all having the same protogermanic origin include english, german, dutch, afrikaans, and some other languages, including more than a few that are now extinct. Guide though this word seems to speak for itself, i find it important to point out that its protogermanic source, wit, meant to know. Guus kroonen the germanic languages, which include english, german, dutch and scandinavian, belong to the beststudied languages in the world, but the picture of their parent language, protogermanic, continues to evolve. This is a dictionary of reconstructed protogermanic including rich etymological data. Proto germanic definition is the assumed ancestral language of the germanic languages.
This list is based on crossref data as of 01 april 2020. Germanic words of nonindoeuropean origin linguistics. Improved pdf version by dieter studer 16 dec 2006 4. Its words and roots are not directly attested in any written works, but have been reconstructed through the comparative method, which finds regular similarities between languages that cannot be explained by coincidence or wordborrowing, and extrapolates ancient forms from these similarities according to our. Hypothetical prehistoric ancestor language of all germanic languages, including english. This protoindoeuropean entry contains reconstructed words and roots. It is the aim of writing a new scientific work to offer a presentation of the subject which is, compared to earlier publications, better and more progressive. Can the fact that these were loaned from germanic into latin be. It is a rich and voluminous online reference source for historical and general linguists. Leiden indoeuropean etymological dictionary series alexander lubotsky vounen etapa hires da id etymological dictionary of protogermanic guus kroonen brill tc en aie bn pp nein ain esate 00 suvareanono7 qc ph on ete bote hei hat ngs ica on hot na, sce etnandamator tae epee nt ee a ad sas st asap pent cnewangpuecapinate mse onupyiniy the cil prion ane eae teks. Protogermanic definition, the unattested prehistoric parent language of the germanic languages. Definition of protogermanic dictionary by merriamwebster.
Leiden indoeuropean etymological dictionary series, volume. Its words and roots are not directly attested in any written works, but have been reconstructed through the comparative method, which finds regular similarities between languages that cannot be explained by coincidence or wordborrowing, and extrapolates ancient forms from these similarities. This dictionary in the leiden indoeuropean etymological dictionary series systematically and exhaustively deals with the slavic inherited lexicon. Protonorse also called protoscandinavian, primitive norse, protonordic, ancient nordic, ancient scandinavian, old nordic, old scandinavian, protonorth germanic, north protogermanic or common scandinavian was an indoeuropean language spoken in scandinavia that is thought to have evolved as a northern dialect of protogermanic in the first centuries ce. Protogermanic definition of protogermanic by merriam. The book is a dictionary of reconstructed proto germanic, organized by reconstructed lemmata, with each entry including the attested reflexes in the daughter germanic languages, as well as cognates in the other indoeuropean branches. Proto germanic phonology differs significantly from proto indaeuropean. This book is the first since 1897 to describe the earliest reconstructable stages of the prehistory of english. The most widely spoken germanic language, english, is the worlds most widely spoken language with an estimated 2 billion speakers. This new etymological dictionary offers a wealth of material collected from old and new germanic sources, ranging from gothic to elfdalian, from old english to the swiss dialects, and incorporates several important advances in proto germanic phonology, morphology and derivation. In modern english these are reduced to two cases in nouns, a general case that does duty.
Words that have proto germanic origins you go words. Although this is convenient, it makes it unnecessarily hard to locate. Etymological dictionary of protogermanic guus kroonen. This is quite similar to the state of latin, greek, and middle indoaryan languages of c. Proto germanic synonyms, proto germanic pronunciation, proto germanic translation, english dictionary definition of proto germanic. It included six or more diff erent cases, three numbers, three genders, two voices, and three moods. West germanic, east germanic and north germanic, which however remained in contact over a considerable time. Guus kroonen, etymological dictionary of protogermanic. Protogermanic words reflexes in the germanic languages, but rather at tempts to establish.
Looking for online definition of protogermanic or what protogermanic stands for. Protogermanic definition and meaning collins english. So protogermanic in the end was crafted out of crisis. It included six or more diff erent cases, three numbers, three genders, two. Leiden indoeuropean etymological dictionary series alexander lubotsky vounen etapa hires da id etymological dictionary of protogermanic guus kroonen brill tc en aie bn pp nein ain esate 00 suvareanono7 qc ph on ete bote hei hat ngs ica on hot na, sce etnandamator tae epee nt ee a ad sas st asap pent cnewangpuecapinate mse onupyiniy the cil prion ane eae teks iedennlire giz. West germanic, east germanic and north germanic, which however remained in.
This new etymological dictionary offers a wealth of material collected from old and new germanic sources, ranging from gothic to elfdalian, from old english to the swiss. Proto germanic had six cases, three genders, three numbers, three moods indicative, subjunctive pie optative, imperative, and two voices active and passive pie middle. Due to a shift of the indaeuropean stops, proto germanic also acquired a large amount of new fricatives, both voiced and voiceless. All linguistic components are taken into consideration. Kaleissin is right that the original protoindoeuropean root mori, mori, seaswamplake. Jun 22, 2017 proto germanic is a reconstructed language. Information and translations of protogermanic in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. It outlines the grammar of protoindoeuropean, considers the changes by. Etymological dictionary of protogermanic leiden indo. Protogermanic is listed in the worlds largest and most authoritative dictionary database of abbreviations and acronyms. Preface this grammar of protogermanic is designed to provide a comprehensive but concise treatment of the language from approximately 2500 b. If anyone who happens to know protogermanic better than i do stumbles into this, feel free to leave corrections on anything i may. Although the bulk of germanic words have an indoeuropean origin, a substantial number of.
For example, in discussing protogermanic verb classes, ringe presents the various classes in the order from easiesttounderstand to hardest. Adams, encyclopedia of indoeuropean culture 1997, pp. This was probably the time in which protogermanic borrowed the celtic words for iron and king. Aug 31, 2006 this book describes the earliest reconstructable stages of the prehistory of english. Protogermanic had six cases, three genders, three numbers, three moods indicative, subjunctive pie optative, imperative, and two voices active and passive pie middle. The proposed approach is then applied to the historical evolution of germanic phonological systems since the separation of protogermanic from protoindoeuropean, concluding with modern german, english, dutch, swedish, danish, and icelandic.
My linguistic research focuses around the indo european. Add length, starts with, ends in, origins, and more with word search filters. This grammar of protogermanic is designed to provide a comprehensive but concise. As such, the terms in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. As such, the term s in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. Protogermanic was a gendered language with three genders, masculine feminine and neuter. Pdf the article is devoted to the description of iconic words in a reconstructed protogermanic language and to the problems of their detection and study. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Etymological dictionary of protogermanic kratylos 61. Ive added a few dutch words in braces where the dutch word was more similar to the protogermanic word than the english one. Protogermanic language synonyms, protogermanic language pronunciation, protogermanic language translation, english dictionary definition of protogermanic language.
168 392 7 332 1194 1335 146 1 418 227 1320 1512 479 103 223 390 627 1378 1163 154 60 406 1214 926 1006 455 1123 426 1284 489 1113